Функция hash() в Python позволяет вычислять хеш-значения для различных объектов. Обычно для целых чисел хеш совпадает с их значением, но есть исключения, которые могут удивить даже опытных программистов.
Разбираем, почему hash(-1) и hash(-2) в CPython возвращают одинаковое значение. Рассмотрим особенности работы hash(), внутреннюю реализацию хэширования целых чисел и причину специальной обработки -1.
Вопрос:
Что выведет функция hash() для следующих значений: 1, 0, -1, -2?
"Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and produced by Dylan Clark Productions, Appian Way Productions, and 20th Century Fox. The movie is a reboot of the Planet of the Apes franchise and stars Andy Serkis, James Franco, Freida Pinto, and Robert O'Donnell.
As a testament to the power of digital preservation and accessibility, the Internet Archive has made it possible for a wider audience to appreciate "Rise of the Planet of the Apes." So, take advantage of this chance to explore the cinematic masterpiece that is "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" – simply follow the Internet Archive link and immerse yourself in a thought-provoking adventure.
The simple answer is no—not legally on the Internet Archive. "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is a copyrighted work owned by 20th Century Studios (formerly 20th Century Fox), which is now a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The film is protected by intellectual property laws and is not in the public domain.
When 20th Century Fox announced a reboot of the Planet of the Apes series in 2011, the reaction was mixed. The franchise had seen its highs—the iconic 1968 original—and its lows, like Tim Burton's 2001 remake. . But Rise of the Planet of the Apes set out to do something no one expected: tell a grounded, character-driven story about the very beginning of the ape uprising. . rise of the planet of the apes internet archive link
"Rise of the Planet of the Apes" represents a landmark achievement in visual effects and performance capture technology. Weta Digital, the New Zealand-based effects studio renowned for its work on The Lord of the Rings and Avatar , was commissioned to bring the ape characters to life using extensive motion capture techniques.
While there is no single "official" permanent link for the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes
I can’t provide or locate pirated copies. I can, however, do one of the following (pick one): "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" is
The Internet Archive explicitly states its copyright policy: "You may upload any movies that you own the copyright to or are in the public domain". Unauthorized uploads of copyrighted films are subject to removal following valid complaints, and user accounts that repeatedly upload restricted materials may be banned.
And that will be a true rise of digital preservation.
You can find the movie on the Internet Archive at: https://archive.org/details/rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-2011 The simple answer is no—not legally on the
: Full-length, copyrighted Hollywood blockbusters are frequently uploaded by users but are subject to removal via DMCA takedown notices by copyright holders.
Let’s not mince words: Downloading a copyrighted film from Archive.org without authorization is piracy, even if the website has a noble mission. However, media preservationists argue that "piracy is often a preservation problem, not a moral failing."
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) is documented in the Internet Archive, which hosts promotional materials like trailers and production press kits [1]. The Archive also serves as a resource for viewing behind-the-scenes footage and early digital marketing, highlighting the film's impact on performance capture technology. Access the collection at Internet Archive .
hash() может показаться незначительной, важно помнить о ней при работе с хэш-функциями и структурами данных, основанных на хэшировании. В большинстве случаев вы не столкнетесь с проблемами, но знание этой детали поможет вам избежать потенциальных ошибок и лучше понимать внутреннее устройство Python.Ключевые выводы:
Для небольших целых чисел в Python используется оптимизация (интернирование).
hash(x) == x для большинства целых чисел, но hash(-1) == -2 из-за внутренней реализации и для предотвращения коллизий.
Это поведение является специфичным для CPython и может отличаться в других реализациях Python (например, PyPy).
Используйте == для сравнения значений и is для сравнения идентичности объектов.
Надеюсь, теперь эта загадка с hash(-1) стала немного понятнее!
hash(-1) всегда возвращает -2, поэтому hash(-1) == hash(-2).__hash__() в пользовательских классах.